The mass
media are all those media technologies that are intended to reach a large
audience by mass communication. Broadcast media transmit their information
electronically and comprise television, film and radio. Print media use a physical
object as a means of sending their information, such as newspaper, magazines, newsletters, books,
leaflets
and pamphlets.
Internet
media
is able to achieve mass media status in its own right, due to the many mass
media services it provides, such as email, websites, blogging and television.
Media can be
used for various purposes: Advocacy, both for business and social
concerns. This can include advertising,
marketing, propaganda, public relations
and political communication. Entertainment,
traditionally through performances of films,
music, sports and TV shows. Public service announcements and emergency
alerts.
Freedom of press
Freedom of
the press in the United States is protected by the Amendment 1 in
the United States Constitution, generally understood as prohibiting the
government from interfering with the printing and distribution of information
or opinions, although freedom of the press is subject to some
restrictions, such as defamation law and copyright
law.
The United
States are 48th in the Reporters
Without Borders freedom Index. Especially because of access to
Internet statements are weakly controlled. IAPA (Inter
American Press Association) is a press advocacy group founded to
defend press freedom and to promote responsible journalism. However, government
censorship applied to some books that were banned from libraries like Catch-22,
The Grapes
of Wrath, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Moll Flanders, The Cather in
the Rye and Ulysses.
Newspapers
The very
first newspaper appeared and lasted only a day in Boston 1690 called Public Occurrences Both Foreign and
Domestic. In 1704 the Boston News-Letter were published, the first
continuously published newspaper in the colonies. In 1783 Pennsylvania Evening Post
became the first daily. The oldest still existing newspaper is Washington Post
from 1877.
The Gazette
was supported by the Federalists. National Gazette was supported by Thomas Jefferson
and the Democratic Republicans.
Yellow journalism is a type
of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched
news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more. Techniques may
include exaggerations of news events, scandals, and sensationalism.
The term originated in the Gilded Age by Joseph Pulitzer and his newspapers New York World
where he introduced new form of journalism. Pulitzer Prize is an award for
achievement in newspapers, online journalism and literature. Rupert Murdoch
is an Australian American media magnate that owns Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins
publishing, The Wall Street Journal
and founded Star.
Broadsheet: New York Times (founded in 1851), Washington Post,
Wall Street
Journal, USA Today
Tabloids: Globe, National Enquirer, Star
Magazines
Benjamin Franklin´s Poor Richard’s Almanack appeared
in 1732
but The
American Magazine preceded it, being the first magazine in colonies,
although it lasted only three month. The oldest continuously published magazine
is Scientific
American that started in 1845, presenting science to the educated but
not necessarily scientific public. The second oldest and still being published
magazine is Harper’s
Magazine about literature, politics, culture, finance and arts.
Popular
magazines: People,
Cosmopolitan,
Vanity Fair,
National
Geographic, Rolling Stone, Playboy, Hustler, TV guide and Reader´s Digest.
Television
The first
television broadcast began in 1928 but it was experimental and very limited,
regular broadcast started in 1948. Real colour broadcast in 1953.
The major
networks are NBC
(National
Broadcasting Company), CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), ABC
(American
Broadcasting Company), Fox (Fox Broadcasting Company), CW (CBS Corporation
and Warner Bros.). Unlike broadcast networks, most cable networks
air the same programming nationwide. Top cable networks include USA Network,
Fox News,
MTV
(music), CNN,
Syfy
(science fiction), Disney Channel (family), Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network
(Children's), Discovery
Channel and Animal Planet.
Popular
American series are M*A*S*H, Dallas, Dynasty, Beverly Hills 9210,
Desperate Housewives, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Star Trek etc. Oprah Winfrey is a famous talk show
host. Soap Opera is ongoing episodic
series of fiction, the term originated from adverts by soap manufacturers that
aired before series as sponsors.
Radio
Radio was
used by American Navy, the first broadcasting happened on Christmas Eve in 1906
and started to be mass entertainment in 1920s and during the Great depression since it
was the cheapest form of entertainment. No advertising at first, broadcasting
was paid by the owner. National Public Radio is the nation's primary
public radio network but most radio stations are commercial and
profit-oriented. Famous stations: Clear Channel, CBS Radio, CNN, ABC, NBC.
Radio Act in 1927 stated regulation of radio
use as the public convenience, interest or necessity guarantees the access to
at least one radio station. Fairness Doctrine (1949) was policy of Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) that required the holders of broadcast
licenses to present the news as they ware.
Internet
During the 1960s
the Internet grew out of the ARPANET, a network sponsored by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defence. Since
the mid-1990s
the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce.
The leading provider is SBC
Communications, followed by Comcast, Time Warner, Verizon and Cox Communications. In
measurements, the United States ranked 26th
globally in terms of the speed of its Internet connections with an average
measured speed of 4.93 Mbit/s, South
Korea led the list with an average of 17.62 Mbit/s .
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is a multinational treaty for the
purpose of establishing international standards for intellectual property
rights enforcement. The agreement aims to establish an international legal
framework for targeting counterfeit goods on the Internet. Opponents say the
convention adversely affects fundamental rights including freedom of expression
and privacy. The agreement was signed in October 2011 by Australia, Canada,
Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, and the United States. The European Parliament
rejected the agreement.
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